AN OUTLINE OF GREEK 
AND ROMAN HISTORY 



S. PERCY R. CHADWICK, A.M. 



% 



AN OUTLINE OF GREEK 
AND ROMAN HISTORY 

THE RESULT 
OF CLASS ROOM IVORK 



S. PERCY R. CHADWICK, A.M. 

INSTRUCTOR IN HISTORY IN 
THE PHILLIPS EXETER ACADEMY 



THIRD EDITION 



EXETER, N. H. 

GTfjr NefosslUtter $rrs* 
1913 



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ABBREVIATIONS 

G., Goodspeed, " History of the Ancient World," reference being 
to the section. 

Bury refers to Bury's " History of Greece" (one volume edition). 

Fowler refers to Fowler's "Rome" (Home University Library). 

The outline map references are to the " Ivanhoe Historical Note 
Book Series " (Ancient History). The map work is based on 
Sanborn's " Classical Atlas," abbreviated as S. 



Copyright, 1913 
By S. Percy R. Chad wick, A.M. 

DEC 26 1913 



©CLA362264 



THE EARLY EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS 



1. The Land and the People. — The Nile and Tigris-Eu- 
phrates valleys. Inundations. Egypt. Syria. Mesopotamia. 
Semitic peoples: original home. Egyptians a mixed race. Sur- 
rounding peoples: Elamites, Hittites, Medo-Persians. G. i-5a. 

2. Beginnings of Egypt. — Nomes; Upper and Lower Egypt; 
Pharaoh Menes; dynasties. G. 6-7. 

3. Old Kingdom (Memphis), 2980-2475, B. C, fourth dynasty 
highest prosperity; pyramids (Khufu); centralized government. 

Collapse of Memphis, rise of Thebes. G. 7, 31. 

4. Middle Kingdom (Thebes), 2160-1788, B. C, contact with 
other peoples (Crete) ; Ethiopia subdued; internal improvements; 
feudalism developed. G. 8-9. With the end of the twelfth 
dynasty (1788) came confusion and civil war. Invasion of the 
Hyksos, who ruled from (about) 1675 to 1575 when expelled by 
native Theban princes. G. 35-36. 

5. Beginnings of Babylon. — City-kingdoms striving for 
supremacy: at first the Sumerians dominate; later the rule of 
Agade (Sargon I), and lastly chiefly that of Ur. Nippur. Kings 
of Babylon form a strong union. G. 10-14. Plate III, p. 539. 

6. First Babylonian Empire especially Hammurabi (about 
1950); his law code; extent of the first empire in history. G. 15, 
map p. 60. The Kassite invasion. Commerce. G. 16. Decline 
and fall of the empire about 1600 B. C. G. 16-17. 

7. Egyptian and Babylonian Culture. — Occupations : import- 
ance of agriculture; industries; Babylonian brickmaking; com- 
merce. G. 18-20. Organization of society: king; nobility 
(feudalism); priests; common people; slaves; merchants. G. 21- 
23. Law the basis of society. G. 24. The family bond. G. 25. 
Literature: hieroglyphic (Rosetta stone) and cuneiform writing; 
scribes; poetry; lack of historical literature. G. 26-29. Plate 



4 AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 



VII, p. 541. Manner of daily life. G. 30. Plate IV, p. 539. 
Plate V, p. 540. Architecture: materials; temples, palaces, 
pyramids. G. 31. Sculpture: conventional but impressive. 
G. 32. Plate VI, p. 540. Sciences: astronomy and the calendar; 
mathematics and mechanics; medicine. G. 33. Religion: con- 
stant presence of spirits; nature worship; Babylonian and Egyp- 
tian deities; priests; animal worship; belief in the future life and 
results. G. 34. Contributions of Egyptians and Babylonians 
to civilization. 

8. New Egyptian Empire, 1580-1150 B. C. — The Conquering 
Eighteenth Dynasty: the Theban princes expel the Hyksos; 
conquests of Thutmose III (Egypt the second empire in history) ; 
Ikhnaton; Egyptian monuments in Crete and Mycenae. G. 36- 
39, map p. 60. Nineteenth Dynasty: Seti I and Ramses II; 
wars with the Hittites ; Ramses II a great builder ; decline of the 
empire. G. 39. Organization of the empire: results of conquests; 
Karnak and Luxor temples; governors, tribute, colonies; Tel-el- 
Amarna Letters; elements of weakness. G. 40-43. Chief 
political elements: the king, the mercenaries, the priests. G. 
44-45- - 

9. Later History of Egypt. — Rule of the priests, of the sol- 
diers. Assyrian conquest (670 B. C.). Restoration with capital 
at Sais: Psammeticus I and Amasis; Milesian colony of Naucratis. 
Persian conquest under Cambyses (525 B. C.). Conquest by 
Alexander (332 B. C). The Ptolemies rule at Alexandria. A 
Roman province (30 B. C). G. 46. Egypt incapable of progress. 
G. 47- 

10. Syrian Peoples: Phoenicians, Philistines, Israelites, Ara- 
means. Influx of immigrations. G. 48-49. Phoenicia : physical 
features; political conditions; commercial supremacy of Tyre; 
colonial empire. G. 50-52. Transmitters of civilization (alpha- 
bet). G. 53. The Philistines: origin; expansion; conflicts with 
Israelites. G. 54. The Israelites: early wanderings; Moses and 
the Ten Commandments. G. 55. Kingdom of Israel under 



AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 



5 



Saul, David, and Solomon. G. 56-58. Divided kingdom; 
Assyrian captivity; Babylonian captivity. G. 59, 66-67, 73. 
The prophets. G. 61. Religious contribution: monotheism. 
The Arameans: origin; kingdom at Damascus; Assyrian con- 
quest. G. 60-61. 

11. Assyrian Empire, 900-606 B. C. Conquests in Mesopo- 
tamia, Armenia, Syria. G. 62-63. Tiglathpilezer III, 745-727 

B. C, conquers Babylon and makes Assyria first power of the 
ancient world. Later occupation of Egypt and of the north; 
extent of the empire; Nineveh. G. 64, map p. 60. The other 
great rulers, 722-626: Sargon (wars with Hittites); Sennacherib 
(wars with Babylon and with kingdom of Judah); Esarhaddon 
and Ashurbanipal (rebellions fearfully punished). G. 65-68. 
Contributions : provincial government (deportation) ; architecture 
and art (palaces, sculpture with brilliant colors) ; libraries. G. 65, 
69-70. Plate VIII, p. 541. Sudden fall of Assyria and destruction 
of Nineveh (606 B. C.). G. 71, Plate II, p. 538. 

12. The Median, New Babylonian (Chaldean), and Lydian 
Empires. — The Medes: origin; helped in the overthrow of 
Nineveh (606 B. C.); later withdrew to northern part of Assyrian 
kingdom as far west as the Halys River, and to the south they 
subdued Persia; short-lived empire overthrown by Cyrus. G. 72, 
74- 

New Babylonian Empire (Nebuchadrezzar) 605-562 B. C: 

victory of the Chaldeans; Jerusalem destroyed; Babylon beauti- 
fied; overthrown by Persia (539 B. C). G. 73, 76. 

Kingdom of Lydia: arose from a mixture of races; dynasty of 
Gyges; money coinage; extent under Croesus; conquest by Persia 
(546 B.C.). G. 75. 

13. The Persians. — The land and people. Capitals: Ecba- 
tana, Susa, Persepolis. G. 77-78. Cyrus, king of Persia, re- 
volted from Media (550 B. C.) and changed the Median empire 
into the Persian. G. 79. Cambyses added Egypt. G. 80. 



6 



AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 



Darius I, 521-485 B. C: organization of the empire; officials; 
taxes; roads; conquest of Scythians; attempt to conquer Greece; 
wide extent of territory. G. 81, 84, map p. 60. Culture: religion; 
loss of vigor; debt to foreigners. G. 82-83. 
14. Review of Oriental Background. 

a. Geography, outline map, 3. 

b. Summary and comparison; the blending of the civiliza- 

tions. 

c. Reading. 

(1) Egypt : J. H. Breasted, "A History of the Ancient 
Egyptians," 55-116, 224-263. 

(2) Assyria at its height: G. S. Goodspeed, "A 
History of the Babylonians and Assyrians," 
243-264. 

(3) Source study from Herodotus. 



GREEK HISTORY 



I. INTRODUCTION 

The Land and the People. 

a. Physical features; the people. G. 85-89, map p. 66. 

b. The divisions of Greek history. G. 89a. 

c. Outline map of the rivers, mountains, and districts of 

Greece, 17. 

II. EARLY GREECE, X-700 B. C. 

Remains of a Pre-historic ^Egean Civilization, 5000- 
1000 B. C. 

a. The earliest age. G. 90. 

b. The Cretan civilization. 

(1) Relations with Egypt. G. 91. 

(2) Relations with the Greeks: the first Greek mi- 
gration. G. 92. 

(3) The three periods. G. 93. 

(4) Culture and government: pottery; palace at 
Cnossus; society and government. G. 94-96. 
Plates IX, X, XI, XII, XV pp. 542-543. 

c. The Mycenaean world, 1500- 11 50 B. C. 

(1) Extent: chief centres of civilization; commercial 
activity. G. 97, map p. 77. 

(2) The city kingdom of Mycenae; political and 
economic organization. G. 98. 

(3) The degree of culture as revealed by the dis- 
coveries of Dr. Schliemann; early religion. G. 
98-100. Plates XIII, XIV p. 543. 

(4) Decline. G. 101. * 

d. The second Greek migration (Dorian): causes and 

results. G. 102-103. 



8 AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 

2. The Epic Age, 1000-700 B. C. 

a. Readjustments after the Dorian migration. G. 104. 

b. Social and political units: family, phratry, tribe. 

Growth of the clan (nobles). G. 105-106. 

c. Government: king, council of chiefs, assembly; rule of 

the nobles begins to replace that of the king. G. 105- 
106. 

d. The Homeric epics : the minstrels ; " Iliad, " " Odyssey ; " 

question of authorship; historical value. G. 1 09-1 11. 
(1) Source study on early Greek society as described 
in the Homeric poems. 

e. Geography: Greece, about 700 B. C. Outline map 9. 

3. Greek Institutions. 

a. Origin and development of the city-state (polis): 

unification of Attica. G. 107. 

b. Growth of commerce. G. 108. 

c. Religion: nature and ancestor worship; chief deities; 

conception of the future life; separation of religion 
and morality. G. 100, 112. 

d. The great age of colonization, (about) 750-550 B. C.: 

character and causes; method of organization; wide 
extent; the colonies one in civilization. G. 113-116. 
map p. 89. 

(1) Contact with the Orient. G. 117. 

(2) Geography: the parent cities and their colonies. 
Outline map 11. 

4. Institutions Tending toward Greek Unity. 

a. Common literature, ancestry, religion, leagues, and 
games. 

(1) Literature. 

(a.) The epic poems. G. 118, 128. 
(b) Hesiod: a unifying power; contrast with 
Homer. G. 119, 133. 



/ 



1 AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 







(2) Belief in common ancestry. G. 120. 

(3) Myths pointing to an early connection with 
other lands. 

(a) Egypt and Argos. G. 121. 

(b) Athens and Crete. G. 122. 

(c) Phoenicia and Thebes. G. 123. 

id) Lydia and the Peloponnese. G. 124. 

(4) Heroic myths. 

(a) Heracles. G. 125-126. 

(b) The Argonauts. G. 127. 

(5) Religious institutions. 

(a) Leagues: origin; Delphian, Delian, Boeotian 
amphictyonies ; -the Delphian oracle and 
council. G. 128. 

(b) The great, national games and .their influ- 

ence: Olympian ("Olympiad"), Nemean, 
Isthmian, Pythian; the contests and the 
contestants. G. 128. 
.(c) Additional reading. Games and oracles: 
Bury pp.:i_59-.i44;-.i57-i.6i. 

Cultural Development. 

a. Coined money;. art of writing. G. 129. 

b. Lyric Age, 700-500 B. JC.: definition of lyric poetry; 

Archilochus of Paros, Sappho of Lesbos, Pindar of 
Thebes. G. 130, 179. 

c. Philosophy: the search for origins; Thales, Anaximenes, 

Heraclitus, Pythagoras, Xenophanes; the "Seven 
.Wise. Men." G. 131-133. 

d. Religion: changes in beliefs; devotion to Dionysus and 
.Demeter; JEleusinian mysteries. G. 112, 134, 207. 



10 



AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND EOMAN HISTORY 



III. RISE OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT 
IN THE GREEK STATES, 700-500 B. C. 

1. Character or The Constitutional Changes, (about) 

750-500 B. C. 

a. From monarchies to oligarchies (aristocracies). G. 106, 

135- 

b. Decline of aristocracies. Appearance of the lawgivers: 

Zaleucus of Locri, Lycurgus of Sparta, Solon of 
Athens. G. 135-136. 

c. The Greek tyrant: defined; benefits and evils of the 

tyrannies. G. 137. 

(1) Thrasybulus of Miletus. G. 138. 

(2) The Cypselidae of Corinth: Cypselus; Periander. 
G. 138-139. 

(3) Cleisthenes of Sicyon (G. 139), Theagenes of 
Megara. G. 157. 

(4) The Pisistratid tyranny at Athens. G. 160. 

d. From tyrannies to timocracies, later to democracies. 

G. 140. 

2. Sparta and the Peloponnese, x-500 B. C. 

a. Early Sparta : origin ; conquest of Laconia and Messenia 

(Messenian wars); relations with Pheidon of Argos. 
G. 141-142, 145-146. 

b. Spartan social institutions: myth of Lycurgus; purpose; 

military training (syssitia); position of women; helots, 
periceci, Spartans; the Dorian phalanx. G. 143-144, 

I47-I5I- 

c. Spartan government: the two kings; gerusia, apella, 

ephors; cessation of all interests except military. 
G. 152-153- 

(1.) Outline of the Spartan constitution. 

d. The Peloponnesian League: origin; organization; extent. 

G. 154. 

e. Additional reading. Early Sparta: Bury pp. 120-129. 



AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 



11 



Early Athens: Constitutional Changes through the 
Reforms of Cleisthenes, (about) 750-500 B. C. 

a. Physical features; political unification of Attica and 

Laconia contrasted. G. 107, 155. 

b. Period of the Eupatrids, (about) 750-650 B. C: the 

Codrus myth; gradual weakening of the king's 
power ; supreme power of such families as the Medonti- 
dae and Alcmaeonidae ; the nine archons. G. 156. 

(1) The councils (the Areopagus) and the assembly. 
G. 156. 

(2) Military organization: divisions of the army. 
G. 156. 

c. Period of the timocracy of the heavy-armed, (about) 

650-594 B. C. 

(1) The heavy-armed secure partial recognition; 
the conspiracy of Cylon. G. 157. 

(a) Civil strife: Plain, Hills, Shore. 

(2) The codification of Draco, (about) 624 B. C: 
causes; why a triumph for the demos. G. 157. 

(3) Development of industries and trade. G. 158. 

(4) An outline of the Athenian timocracy, (about) 
650-594 B. C. 

d. The work of Solon, 594 B. C. 

(1) The man and the lawgiver. G. 158. 

(2) Economic condition of Attica; economic reforms. 
G. 159. 

(3) Political reforms. G. 159. 

(4) Value of his reforms. G. 159. 

(5) An outline of the Athenian constitution as re- 
formed by Solon. 

e. Pisistratid tyranny, 560-510 B. C: origin, career of 

Pisistratus, of Hippias, of Hipparchus; domestic 
policy; foreign policy; beginning of the drama 
(Thespis). G. 160-161. 
/. The democratic reforms of Cleisthenes, 508 B.C. 
(1) Preliminary events. G. 161. 



12 AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 

(2) Constitutional changes: tribes and demes; citizen- 
ship increased; changes in the councils; the 
generals; ostracism. G. 161. 

(3) Results. G. 162. 

(4) An outline of the Athenian constitution as re- 
formed by Cleisthenes. 

g. Summary of the period. G. 163. 

IV. THE CONFLICT WITH LYDIA AND WITH PERSIA 

500-479 B. C. 

1. The Lydian Kingdom under Croesus, 560-546 B. C. 

a. Extent and character: conquest of Asiatic Greeks; fall 
of the kingdom. G. 75. 

2. The Persian Rule. 

a. Cyrus and Cambyses: rise and extent of Persian empire; 

conquest of Lydia and Asiatic Greeks; addition of 
Egypt. G. 79-80. 

b. Darius I. 

(1) Organization of Persian kingdom. G. 81. 

(2) The Scythian expedition and the Asiatic Greek 
tyrants; causes of Ionic revolt; character of the 
Ionians. G. 84, 164-165. 

(3) Ionic Revolt, 499-494 B. C: Aristagoras,-Sardis,. 
Ephesus, Lade, Miletus; results. G. 165. 

3. The Persian Invasions of Europe. 

a. Condition of the Greeks. G. 164. 

b. Expedition under Mardonius, 492 B. C. G. 165. 

c. Expedition under Datis and Artaphernes, 490 B. C: 

''earth and water"; Eretria; appeal to Sparta; Mar- 
athon (tactics and significance). G. 165-166. 
(1) Expedition of Miltiades to Paros. G. 167. 

d. The interval between Marathon and Thermopylae. 



AN 6UTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 



13 



(1) Political strife and constitutional changes at 
Athens: Aristeides and Themistocles; naval 
policy of Themistocles. G. 167-168. 

(2) Preparations for war by Greeks and by Persians; 
Congress of Corinth. G. 169-170. 

e. Invasion under Xerxes, 480 B. C. 

(1) Possible plans of defense. G. 170. 

(2) Tempe, Thermopylae, Artemisium. G. 171-172. 

(3) Medizing states; Athenians withdraw from 
Athens. G. 173. 

(4) Salamis (strategy of Themistocles). G. 173- 
174. 

(5) Campaign of Xerxes: source study in Herodotus. 
Bury, pp. 265-296. 

/. The winter of 480-479 B. C. G. 175. 

g. Campaign of 479 B. C: Plataea; Mycale. G. 175-176. 

f(i) Political. G. 178, 180-181. 

h. Results. G. 177^(2) Literary: Aeschylus and the 
[drama. G. 179. Piati XVI, p.544. 

Geography: the Persian Wars, outline map 19. 

V. THE LEADERSHIP OF ATHENS, 479-431 B. C. 

The Beginnings of the Athenian Empire, 479-461 B. C. 

a. Rebuilding and fortification of Athens; Long Walls 

(458 B. C.) G. 184. 

b. Origin and organization of the Delian Confederacy. 

G. 182-183. 

c. Career of Pausanias, of Themistocles. G. 182, 187. 

d. Period of Cimon's influence, 471-461 B. C. 

(1) Transition from Confederacy to Empire: revolts 
of Naxos and Thasos. G. 185-186. 

(2) Eurymedon, 466 B. C. G. 187. 

(3) Policy of Cimon: rupture between Athens and 
Sparta; constitutional changes at Athens (462 



AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 

B. C); opposition of Ephialtes and Pericles; 
ostracism of Cimon; growth of democracy. 
G. 187-189. 

Age of Pericles (Triumph of the Popular Party), 461- 
431 B. C. 

Characteristics of Imperial Athens. 

a. Government. 

(1) The Periclean democracy and its progress since 
Solon; parties and party leaders since the Per- 
sian wars; policy of Pericles. G. 196. 

(2) The Council of Five Hundred; administrative 
committees. G. 190-191. 

(3) The ecclesia: powers of a citizen. G. 192. 

(4) Popular Supreme Court: dicasteries; state pay 
and state contributions. G. 193-194. 

(5) The generals as "leaders of the people. " G. 195. 

b. Material resources; the metics; slavery. G. 197-201, 

210. 

c. Athenian art. 

(1) Aim of Pericles: the Acropolis; Pheidias. G. 205. 

(2) Topography of Athens: outline map 23. G. 
map p. 147. 

(3) The temple; the orders of Greek architecture. 

(4) The Parthenon. G. 205, Plate I, p. 538. 

(5) Other buildings: Propylaea, Temple of Wingless 

Victory , Athena the Defender, Erechtheum, Ode- 
um, Theatre of Dionysus, Theseum. Bury pp. 
367-376. G. Plate XVII, p. 544, Plate XVIII, 

P- 545- 

(6) Painting. 

d. Religious Athens expressed in 

(1) Art. 

(2) Festivals: Dionysia, Eleusinian mysteries, Pana- 
thenaea. G. 206-207. 



AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 



L5 



e. Intellectual Athens. 

(1) History: Herodotus. G. 208. 

(2) Drama: origin and development; Sophocles; the 
theater and its function; free tickets. G. 206. 

(3) Philosophy: Anaxagoras. G. 225. 

(4) The family; education and culture. G. 202- 
204, 209. 

Foreign Policy in the Age of Pericles, 461-431 B. C. 

a. Relations with other Greek cities: Argos, Thessaly, 

Megara, Aegina, helots at Naupactus. G. 211. 

b. Land League attempted by Athens, 459-445 B. C. 

(1) Tanagra (recall of Cimon), 457 B. C. G. 211. 

(2) (Enophyta (457 B. C.): brief Athenian land 
supremacy; extent of Athenian power. G. 211, 
map p. 171. 

(3) Geography: outline map 31. 

(4) The Five Years Truce (450 B. C.); failure of 
the Land League; The Thirty Years Truce 
(445 B. C.). G. 211. 

c. War with Persia: continued attack upon Persian 

possessions in Cyprus, Phoenicia, and Egypt; failure 
of the Egyptian expedition (455 B. C.); death of 
Cimon; peace of Callias (448 B. C.) G. 212. 

d. Organization of the Athenian Empire. 

(1) Transfer of treasury to Athens: defeat of the 
conservatives. G. 213. 

(2) Administrative districts; cleruchi; the Samian 
revolt. G. 213, map p. 180. 

(3) Wide extent of influence. G. 214. 

(4) Strength and weakness of the empire. 

(5) Pericles: his place in history; opposition to 
Pericles. Bury pp. 346-352, 363-367. 



AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROHAN HISTORY " 



VI. THE PELOPONKESIAN WAR, 431-404 B. C. 

The Prelude, 

a. The general and the immediate causes. G. 215. 

b. Congress at Sparta : demands made of Athens; war de- 

clared. G. 215-216. 

c. Allies and resources of Athens and Sparta compared. 

G. 217. 

The Archidamiax War. 431-421 B. C. 

a. Repeated invasions of Attica; attack on Plataea (429 

B. C.) G. 218. 

b. Plague at Athens; death of Pericles; rise of Cleon and 

Nicias. (429 B. C.). . G. 218. 

c. The year 427 B. C.: revolt of Lesbos; surrender of 

Plataea; sedition in Corcyra. G. 219. 

d. Athens on the offensive, 426-425 B. C. : Demosthenes 

at Pylos (Sphacteria) ; war (Cleon) and peace (Nicias) 
party at Athens; peace proposals. G. 220. 

e. Delium (424 B. C); Brasidas and the Chalcidice 

(424-422 B. C.) G. 221. 
/. Peace of Xicias: its failure; Alcibiades. G. 222, 230. 

The Period of the Sicilian .Expedition. 

. a. Temporary union between Sparta and Athens. G. 231. 

b. Alcibiades urges hostility to Sparta: Athens, Argos, Elis, 

Mantinea vs. Sparta; battle of Mantinea. G. 231. 

c. Fall of Melos. G. 232. 

d. The Sicilian expedition, 415-413 B. C. 

(1) Preliminary events: ambition of Athens for a 
western empire; appeal of Segesta and Leontini; 
debate in Ecclesia; preparations; mutilation of 
the Hermes; departure. G. 232. 

(2) The expedition: divided command; recall of Al- 
cibiades; operations about Syracuse (Lamachus, 



AX OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 



17 



Gylippus, Demosthenes); retreat and ruin; re- 
sults. G. 233-235. Source study: Thucydides. 
(3) Spartans seize Decelea. G. 236. 

4. The Decelean War, 413-404 B. C. 

a. Sparta and Persia vs. Athens; Chians and other Athenian 

allies revolt; efforts of Athens. G. 237-238. 

b. Intrigues of Alcibiades. G. 239. 

c. Rise and fall of The Four Hundred, 411 B. C: the 

oligarchic constitutions'; democracy restored. G. 239. 

d. Restoration of Alcibiades: Cyzicus (410 B.C.); elected 

strategos; Notium (407 B. C.) causes his retirement. 
G. 240. 

e. Cyrus and Lysander combine against Athens. 

(1) Arginusae, 406 B. C; condemnation of Athenian 
generals. G. 240. 

(2) ^Egospotami: surrender of Athens. G. 240. 

/. Results of the war; character of Lysander. G. 241-244. 
g. The events of the war: outline map 27. 

5. The New Learning (about) 450-400 B. C. 

a. Definition; the sophists. G. 223, 225-226. 

b. The drama. 

(1) Aristophanes. G. 224. 

(2) Euripides. G. 228. 

c. History: Thucydides; contrast with Herodotus. G. 227. 

d. Philosophy: Socrates. G. 229, 265. 

e. Effects. 

VII. STRIFE AMONG THE GREEK STATES, 404-371 B. C. 

1. Supremacy of Sparta, 404-371 B. C. 



a. 
b. 



Character of the Spartan rule: Lysander and the dec- 
archies. G. 245-246, 248, 250. 
Rule of the Thirty at Athens, 404-403 B. C: Critias 



AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 

and Theramenes; reign of terror; Phyle; liberation un- 
der Thrasybulus; democracy restored. G. 247. 

c. Decline of Lysander; rise of King Agesilaus; internal 

condition of Sparta. G. 250-251, 253. 

d. Revolt of Cyrus the Younger, 401 B. C.: Cunaxa; re- 

treat of the Ten Thousand (Xenophon); results. 
G. 251-252. 

e. Sparta at war. 

(1) War with Persia, 400-395 B. C: cause; cam- 
paign of Agesilaus; war with Persia merged with 
the 

(2) Corinthian War, 395-387 B. C: Thebes, Athens, 
Corinth, Argos, Persia vs. Sparta; cause; Hali- 
artus (death of Lysander); Agesilaus recalled; 
Coronea; Cnidus; Conon expels harmosts and 
rebuilds Long Walls;- military triumph of 
Iphicrates; Peace of Antalcidas or "King's 
Peace" (387 B. C). G. 253-255. 

(3) Coercive policy of Sparta: destruction of Chal- 
cidic League; seizure of the Cadmeia; attempt 
upon the Pirseus. G. 256. 

(4) Alliance between Thebes and Athens; liberation 
of Thebes in 379 B. C. (Epaminondas and Pe- 
lopidas); Second Athenian Maritime Confed- 
eracy; Jason of Pherae; Athens and Thebes 
estranged; Hellenic Peace Convention (371 B. C.) 
G. 257-258, 260. 

(5) Battle of Leuctra, 371 B. C. : tactics; significance. 
G. 258. 

Attempted Leadership of Thebes, 371-362 B. C. 

a. Relations with Thessaly and Macedon (Pelopidas, 

Philip); Theban navy. G. 259. 

b. Campaigns of Epaminondas in the Peloponnese: 

Megalopolis aided; Sparta threatened; Messene aided; 
attitude of Athens. G. 259. 



AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 19 

c. Battle of Mantinea. G. 259. 

d. Weaknesses of Thebes. 

3. Decline of the City-State. 

a. End of the Second Athenian Empire (Social War). 

G. 260. 

b. Aggressions of Philip of Macedon in the Chalcidice. 

G. 260. 

c. An age of transition. G. 261-263. 

4. Culture in the Fourth Century. 

a. Changes since the fifth century. 

b. Art: architecture; Scopas, Lysippus, Praxiteles. G. 

264, Plate XIX, p. 545. 

c. Literature. 

(1) History: Xenophon. G. 265. 

(2) Philosophy: Plato, Aristotle. G. 266, 298. 

(3) Oratory: Isocrates, Demosthenes. G. 267, 276. 

5. The Invasion of Macedon. 

a. Character of the period. G. 268. 

b. Macedon: the land and its people. G. 269. 

c. Philip II and the growth of his power to the Peace of 

Philocrates, 346 B. C. 

(1) Philip: early life; character and methods. 
G. 270-271, 274. 

(2) Philip's first conquests and his aggressions in the 
Chalcidice. G. 260. 

(3) Creation of a national army. G. 271. 

(4) Athens busy with the Social War, 357-355 B. C. 
G. 272. . 

(5) First Sacred War, 356-346 B. C. : cause; Philip at 
Thermopylae; opposition of Demosthenes (" Phil- 
ippics," "Olynthiacs"); /Eschines leads Mace- 
donian party in Athens; Athens loses the Chal- 
cidice; Peace of Philocrates (346 B. C); extent 
of Philip's power. G. 273-277. 



20 



AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 



d. Philip becomes supreme, 346-336 B. C. 

(1) Final struggles between Philip and Demosthenes. 
G. 277. 

(2) Second Sacred War: pretext ; " Chaeronea (338 
B. C.) and its significance. G. 277-279. 

(3) Congress of Corinth (338 B. C.) establishes a 
Macedonian hegemony. G. 278. 

(4) Death of Philip, 336 B. C. G. 280. 

e. Geography, 404-338 B. C, outline map 33. 

VIII. ALEXARDER AND THE PERSIANS, 336-323 B. C. 

1. Alexander the Great, 336-323 B. C. 

a. Early life and training; opposition overthrown (Thebes) ; 

Congress at Corinth; Alexander's purpose. G. 280- 
282. 

b. Conquest of Asia Minor, Egypt, Persia: condition of 

Persia; Granicus (334 B. C); conquest of Asia Minor 
and its treatment; Gordium; Issus (333 B. C); Tyre 
(332 B. C); Jerusalem; Alexandria; Arbela (331 B. 
C); the conquest of Babylonia and of the Persian 
capitals. G. 283-289. Plate XX, p. 546. 
;. Conquests in the East and Northeast 330-327 B.C.: 
pursuit and death of Darius; Bactria and Sogdiana; 
the fusion of the Greeks and the Persians. G. 290- 
292. 

Hie Indian campaign, 327-324 B. C: defeat of Porus 
at the Hydaspes; descent of the Indus; voyage of 
Nearchus in the Persian gulf ; march through Gedrosia ; 
results. G. 293. 
' e. Value of Alexander's work: early death (deification);, 
character; creative genius; Aristotle; "merging of the 
East and West"; founding of cities; administrative 
reforms; prepared the way for the later development 



AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 



21 



of the ancient world. G. 294-300. Bury, pp. 738- 
836. 

/. Geography: conquests and empire of Alexander, outline 
map 37. 

IX. HELLENISTIC PERIOD, 323-146 B. C. 

The Struggle tor Unity to Ipsus, 301 B. C. 

a. Lamian War, 323-322 B. C: Antipater besieged in 

Lamia; Greeks defeated at Amorgos and Crannon; 
Athenian democracy overthrown and death of 
Demosthenes. G. 301. 

b. Failure of the three regencies, 323-316 B. C. G. 302. 

c. Strife among the diadochi, especially attempts of Anti- 

gonus and his son, Demetrius Poliorcetes, for sole 
monarchy, 315-301 B. C. 

(1) Murder of members of Alexander's family. 
G. 3°3- 

(2) Rivalry of Seleucus, Cassander, and Ptolemy; 
defeat of Demetrius Poliorcetes at Gaza (312 
B. C.). G. 303. 

(3) Second attempt of Antigonus, 307-301 B. C.: 
rule of Demetrius of Phalerum at Athens 
(Menander); failure of the attacks on Egypt 
and Rhodes. G. 303-305. 

(4) Battle of Ipsus, 301 B. C.: Lysimachus and 
Sele cus vs. Antigonus and Demetrius Polior- 
cetes; results. G. 305, map p. 234. 

(a) Sele cus received from the Indus River to 
central Asia Minor. 

(b) Lysimachus obtained western Asia Minor 
and Thrace. 

(c) Ptolemy retained Egypt. 

(d) Cassander was confirmed in Macedon. 

(5) Overthrow of Demetrius Poliorcetes. G. 305. 



AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 



(6) Geography: division of the empire, outline 

map 39. 

(7) Temporary advantage of Seleucus (Corupe- 
dion.) G. 306. 

d. The Celtic peril (Galatia). G. 307. 

Four Separate Hellenistic Monarchies. 

a. Egypt (The Ptolemies; capital, Alexandria). 

(1) Government: Ptolemy I, Ptolemy II (Phila- 
delphus); Alexandria and the sea power; no 
attempt to Hellenize the natives; bureaucratic 
system. G. 309-311, 316. 

(2) Alexandrian culture: see under Hellenistic. 

b. The Seleucid Empire (The Seleucidae; capital at first 

Seleucia on the Tigris, later Antioch on the Grontes). 

(1) Extent and government; foundation of Hellenic 
cities. G. 319, map p. 234. 

(2) Religion: revolt of the Maccabees; spread of 
Oriental cults to Greek cities. G. 319. 

c. Pergamon (The Attalidae; capital, Pergamus). 

(1) Struggle of Attalus I with the Celts; temporary 
importance. G. 326. 

(2) Culture: rival of Alexandria; architecture and 
sculpture {Dying Gaul, Per gabion altar). G. 326. 

d. Macedon and Greece. (Macedon under descendants of 

Demetrius Poliorcetes; capital, Pella.) 

(1) Struggle of Antigonus II for control of eastern 
Mediterranean, about 256-239 B. C: relations 
with Egypt and Rhodes. G. 308, 317-318. 

(2) The Achaean and Aetolian Leagues: origin and 
constitutions; growth of federal government; 
Aratus of Sicyon. G. 320-322. 

(3) Isolation of Sparta and Athens; reforms of 
Cleomenes of Sparta. G. 323, 325. 

(4) Macedonian intervention restores Macedonian 
supremacy at Sellasia, 222 B. C. G. 325. 



AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 



23 



(5) Roman intervention: overthrow of Philip V and 
of Perseus; destruction of Corinth and begin- 
ning of Roman rule (146 B. C.) G. 327, 427, 
429, 433- 

e. Roman intervention in the East. 

(1) Antiochus III and Philip V prepare to divide 
Egypt between them. G. 327. 

(2) War with Antiochus III, 192-188 B. C.: Antio- 
chus resigns possessions in Asia Minor; Seleucid 
empire, soon reduced to Syria. G. 428. 

Hellenistic Culture. (Chiefly Third Century). 

a. "Hellenstic" defined; centres of culture. G. 301. 

b. Literature of the " Alexandrian Age" : Theocritus and 

Callimachus; New Comedy (Menander); literary 
criticism; development of the Greek language. G. 304, 
312, 315. 

c. Scientific progress: the Museum; Eratosthenes, 

Aristarchus, Archimedes, Euclid. G. 314. 

d. Art: realism. G. 313. 

(1) Laocoon Group, Pergamon frieze, Dying Gaul, etc. 
G. 313, 326. Plate XXI, p. 546, XXII, XXIII, 
P- 547- 

e. Athenian philosophy: Zeno the Stoic, Epicurus. G. 324. 
/. Greek contributions to modern civilization. 

IX. WESTERN GREEKS 

The Carthaginian Invasion; The Tyrannies of Gelon 

AND HiERON. 

a. The Carthaginian invasion of 480 B. C: Xerxes in 

alliance with Carthage; battle of Himera aud results. 
G. 170, 176. 

b. Tyrannies of Gelon and Hieron. 

(1) Arts of peace. G. 176. 

(2) Battle off Cumae (474 B. C). G. 176. 



AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 

c. Tyrannies replaced by republics in Sicily and Italy. 
G. 249. 

Italy and Sicily, 410-241 B. C. 

a. Carthaginian invasion of Sicily, 409-406 B.C.: cause and 

results. G. 249, 

b. Tyranny of Dionysius I, 405-367 B. C: manner of 

obtaining the tyranny; war with Carthage; extent of 
kingdom; character of the tyranny; visit of Plato. 
G. 249. 

c. Tyranny of Dionysius II, 367-356, 346-345 B. C. : second 

visit of Plato; a period of disorder. G. 328. 

d. Timoleon, the Liberator of Syracuse, 345-337 B. C: 

Corinth sends Timoleon; victories ending with Crimi- 
sus River, (340 B. C); reorganization of Sicily; 
Timoleon resigns his power. G. 328. 

e. Magna Graecia: Archidamus of Sparta, Alexander and 

Pyrrhus of Epirus successively bring aid against the 
Italians; absorption of Tarentum by Rome. „ (272 
B. C.) G. 329, 331. 
/. Sicily: disorder after death of Timoleon. G. 330. 

g. Tyranny of Agathocles of Syracuse 316-289 B. C: 

popular origin; great ability of Agathocles; struggles 
against Greek cities and Carthaginians; brilliant but 
unsuccessful invasion of Africa; able rule as king of 
Sicily. G. 330. 

h. Pyrrhus responds to an appeal from Syracuse (278 B. C.) 

against the Carthaginians : his successes followed by a 
Greek reaction against him. G. 331. 

i. Absorption of Sicily by Rome, (241 B. C). G. 406. 



ROMAN HISTORY 



I. INTRODUCTION. 

K - n 

Relations with the East. 

a. The Phoenicians. G. 332. 

b. The Greeks. G. 332. 
The Land and the People. 

a. Physiography of Italy: the different zones; position in 

the Mediterranean; the western coast; the highlands 
and the plains; mountains and rivers; Po valley. 
G. 333,335-337, map p. 278. 

b. The distribution of the earliest peoples; origin of Rome. 

G. 334, map p. 281, 338. 

c. Divisions of Roman history. G. 338a. 

II. REGAL ROME, i2oo(?)— 509(7) B. C. 

Physiography. 

a. Position and historical significance; the hills. G. 339- 
340, map p. 286. 
Beginnings of Rome. 

a. Probable origin. G. 341. 

b. Traditional account of the first four kings: Romulus, 

Numa Pompilius, Tullus Hostilius, Ancus Marcius. 
G. 343- 

c. Sources of early Roman history: nature; reasons for 

uncertainty; value of the legends. 

d. Government. 

(1) The people: patricians, plebeians, clients. G. 342. 

(2) The family (patria potestas); gens, curia, tribe. 
G. 342. 

(3) The king (imperium), senate (inter rex), comitia 
cur iata. G. 342. 

e. Latin League: Alba Longa the head. G. 344. 



26 AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 



3. The Etruscan Development. 

a. Territorial extent. G. 344. 

b. Absorption of eastern culture. G. 344. 

c. Traditional kings: Tarquinius Priscus, Servius Tullius, 

Tarquinius Superbus. G. 345. 

d. Political influence: expansion in Latium. G. 346. 

(1) Military reorganization attributed to Servius 
Tullius. G. 349-3 50. 

e. Religion: nature and ancestor worship; Etruscan in- 

fluence (oniens); deities; priesthoods; formal charac- 
ter; political connection. G. 347-348. 

4. Rome Becomes an Aristocratic Republic. 

a. Probable process. G. 351. 

b. Traditional account. G. 352. 

III. THE EARLY REPUBLIC, 509(7)— 390 B. C. 

1. External Events. 

a. Revolt of Latin League followed by an alliance with the 

League and the Hernicans. G. 354. 

b. Struggles with Etruscans ending with capture of Veii 

(390 B. C.); struggles with Sabines, iEquians, Vols- 
cians. G S54S55, m ^p p. 281. 

c. Legendary account of (a) (b). G. 356. 

2. Internal Events. 

a. Government: two consuls; dictator; magister equitum; 

quaestors; senate; assemblies (comitia centuriata). 
G. 353- 

b. Traditional account of the patrician- plebeian struggles 

to the Licinian laws: lex Valeria; first secession; lex 
Publilia; the decemvirate; second secession; Valerio- 
Horatian laws; Canuleian law; consular tribunes; 
Licinian laws. G. 367-368, 



AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 



27 



c. Constitutional development. 

(1) Power of the consuls decreased by the creation of 
new officials: two censors; two new quaestors; 
two plebeian and two curule aediles; removal of 
ambitious leaders. G. 357. 

(2) Plebeian gains. 

(a) The tribunate. G. 358-360. 

(6) The comitia tributa. G. 358-359. 

(c) Admission to the senate. G. 361. 

(d) Army reorganization. G. 362. 

(e) Admission to the magistracies. G. 363. 
(/) Codification of the Law (XII tables). 

G. 364. 

(g) Lex Valeria (301 B. C). G. 365. 

(h) Secession of 287 B. C. (Hortensian Law). 
G. 366. 

d. Geography: early Latium and its neighbors, outline 

map 45. 

CONQUEST AND ORGANIZATION OF ITALY, 390- 
264 B. C. 

The Wars. 

a. The Gallic invasion: legends; battle of the Allia (390 

B. C.) ; sack of Rome; rebuilding of city. G. 369-370. 

b. Conquest of Etruria: beginning of municipal system. 

(Caere). G. 371. 

c. The Samnites: origin and organization; First Samnite 

War. G. 372. 

d. The Latin War, 340-338 B. C: cause; Latin League 

dissolved; organization of Latium. G. 373. 

e. The Second Samnite War, 326-304 B. C: relations with 

Neapolis; Caudine Forks (321 B. C); Rome victorious 
after severe reverses; planting of Latin colonies; 
Via Appia. G. 374-375- 



AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND RO-^AN HISTORY 

/. The Third Samnite War, 29S-290 B. C: a coalition 
against the Roman LeadsLip in centra, Italy 
tinum (295 B. C); results. G. 376, 396. 

g. War with Tarentum and Pyrrhus, 281-272 B. C: 
cause ; career of Pyrrhus ; Heraclea ; mission of Cineas ; 
Asculum; Beneventum; results. G. 377. 
(1) Geography of the Samnite Wars, of the Latin 
War, of the Pyrrhic War, outline map 53. 

Organization of Italy in 264 B. C. 

a. Political changes and tendencies: the curule aristocracy; 

the assemblies; the censorship of Appius Claudius 
(312 B. C.); Hortensian Law (287 B. C.); the power of 
the senate; the Ovinian law. G. 378-379. 

b. The sovereign state; the municipium. G. 380-381. 

c. The communities oi various degrees of dependency. 

G. 382-383. 

d. Roman roads: construction and extent. G. 384. San- 

born, Classical Atlas, maps 18 and 23. 

e. The new military system. G. 385. 
/. Roman life in 264 B.C. G. 386. 

(1) Occupations. G. 387. 

(2) Money. G. 388, Plates XXVII, XXVIII, p. 548. 

(3) Private life: the house; amusements; the family 
bond. G. 389-392. 

(4) Education and public life. G. 393-394. 

(5) Science; lack of literature. G. 395. 

(6) Moral and religious standards. G. 396. 

(7) Appius Claudius as a type. G. 397. 
g. Reading. 

(1) External events to 264 B. C. Fowler, ''Rome," 
ch. II. 

(2) Roman character. Fowler, ££ Rome," ch. III. 



AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 



29 



CONQUEST OF THE MEDITERRANEAN, 264-133 B. C. 

Rome's First War Outside of Italy ("The Struggle for 
Sicily"). 

a. The struggle unavoidable; the Mamertine appeal; 

Rome and Carthage contrasted. G. 398-403, map 
P- 343- 

b. The First Punic War, 264-241 B. C: Agrigentum; the 

new vessels and the battle at Mylae (260 B. C); in- 
vasion of Africa by Regulus (Ecnomus, 256 B. C); the 
war in Sicily; Hamilcar; Agates Islands (241 B. C.J; 
results. G. 404-406. 

(1) Geography: the First Punic War, outline map 59. 

Interval between First and Second Punic War, 241- 
218 B. C. 

a. Rome. 

(1) Organization of Sicily ; seizure of Sardinia and 
Corsica. G. 407, 424. 

(2) Extension of Italy to the Alps; the Illyrian War. 
G. 408, map p. 350. 

b. Carthage. 

(1) The Mercenary War. G. 407. 

(2) The expansion of Carthage into Spain: Hamilcar; 
Hannibal; the occasion of war. G. 409. 

The Second Punic War, 218-201 B. C. 

a. Hannibal crosses the Alps and invades Italy: Ticinus 

andTrebia (218 B. C); Trasimene (217 B. C); Fabius, 
"The Delayer"; Cannae (216 B. C). G. 409-410, 
map p. 343. 

(1) Results of Cannae; loyalty of the Latin colonies; 
innate strength of Roman character. G. 411. 

b. From Cannse to Metaurus, 216-207 B. C: ''The Shield 

of Rome," "the Sword of Rome"; Syracuse, Capua, 



30 



AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 



Tarentum recovered by Rome; victories of the Scipios 
in Spain; failure of Hasdrubal. G. 411-412. 

c. "The war into Africa " : Publius Scipio Af ricanus ; Zama 

(202 B. C); results of the war. G. 413. 

d. Geography. 

(1) The Second Punic War, outline map 59. 

(2) Roman territory in 201 B. C. G. p. 424. 

e. Reading. Fowler, "Rome", ch. IV. Source study in 

Livy and Polybius. 

4. Senatorial Administration in 200 B. C. 

a. Growth of power of the senate. G. 414. 

(1) Composition. G. 415. 

(2) Relation to the magistrates and to the tribunate. 

G. 416-417. 

(3) Relation to the assemblies. G. 418. 

(4) Reasons for its power. G. 419. 

b. Procedure and functions of the senate. G. 420-421. 

c. Organization of the assemblies. G. 422. 

d. The publicans. G. 423. 

5. Conquest of the Eastern Mediterranean. 

a. The political outlook in 200 B. C. G. 425-426. 

b. The First (215-205 B. C.) and the Second (200-196 B.C.) 

Macedonian Wars: causes; Cynoscephalae ; freedom 
of Greece. G. 411, 427. 

c. War with Antiochus, 192-188 B. C: causes; Thermopy- 

lae, Magnesia; results. G. 428. 

(1) The Maccabaean revolt. G. 430. 

d. Third Macedonian War, 1 71-168 B. C: Pydna; treat- 

ment of Macedon and Greece (Polybius). G. 429. 

e. Roman attitude toward the East; destruction of Cor- 

inth (146 B. C); Macedon a Roman province. 

G. 43!-433- 
/. Asia added, 133 B. C. G. 434. 
g. Geography: Rome in the East, outline map 63. 



an outline of greek and roman history 31 
Roman Conquest of the Western Mediterranean. 

a. The overthrow of Carthage (Third Punic War), 149-146 

B. C: Roman perfidy; destruction of Carthage; prov- 
ince of Africa. G. 434. 

b. Conquest and Romanization of Spain. G. 434. 
The Roman World in 133 B. C. 

a. The provinces and the dependent states: provinces in 

133 B. C; method of organization, — the governor, 
taxation, justice. G. 424, 435. 

b. Roman life in 133 B. C. G. 436. 

(1) Economic changes: disappearance of the peas- 

antry; provincial grain ; growth of great estates. 
G. 437- 

(2) The new nobility: cursus honorum. G. 438, 450. 

(3) The equestrian order; the capitalists. G. 439. 

(4) Slavery and the Sicilian slave war (136-132 B. C.) ; 

freedmen. G. 440, 450. 

(5) Private life: the house; amusements; the theatre. 

G. 441-443- 

(6) Education: Greek influences. G. 444. 
(7) The beginnings of Roman literature. 

(a) Poetry: Andronicus (about 250 B. C), 

Naevius, Ennius, Plautus, Terence. G. 445. 

(b) Prose: Fabius Pictor, Cato, Scaevola. G. 445. 

(8) Effect of foreign influences upon Roman art, lit- 

erature, religion, and morals: Hellenism; atti- 
tude of Scipio Africanus, of Cato the Censor; 
decay of old standards; influence of eastern 
cults. G. 446-449. 

(9) New standards in public life. G. 450. 

c. Reading. Causes of the decline of the republic: Fow- 

ler, "Rome", ch. V. 



AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 

VI. DECLINE OF THE REPUBLIC, 133-27 B. C. 

a. Character of the period: political and economic defects; 
the burden of military service; the exodus to Rome; 
failure of popular governemnt. G. 451-452, 437. 

The Gracchi, 133-121 B. C. 

a. Reforms of Tiberius, 133 B. C. G. 453. 

(1) The optimates and populares. G. 454. 

b. Reforms of Gaius, 123 B. C. G. 455-456. 

c. Results of the work of the Gracchi. G. 456. 

Rule of the Aristocracy Restored, 121-88 B. C. 

a. Nature of the civil strife. G. 457. 

b. War with Jugurtha (112-106 B. C.); appearance of 

Marius and Sulla. G. 457. 

c. Invasion of the Cimbri and Teutons: the campaigns 

(Arausio, Aquae Sextise, Vercellae); the consulships of 
Marius and his military reforms. G. 458. 

d. Military leaders ; Marius allies himself with the radicals, 

Saturninus and Glaucia; decline of Marius. G. 459. 

e. Attempts at reform by Drusus, 91 B. C. G. 460. 

/. The Social War, 90-88 B. C.: organization of the allies 
and their success; concessions to the allies. G. 460. 

Marius and Sulla, 88-79 B, C. 

a. The conflict between Marius and Sulla, 88-86 B. C.: 

the Sulpician revolution (88 B. C.); victory of Sulla 
and flight of Marius; democratic reaction under Cinna 
and recall of Marius; the reign of terror; death of 
Marius. G. 462-463. 

b. Sulla and the First Mithridatic War, 88-84 B. C.: ag- 

gressions of Mithridates; revolt of Greece; victories of 
Sulla; treaty of peace. G. 461, 463. 

c. Return of Sulla and defeat of the democrats, 83-82 B. C. : 

battle at the Colline Gate; the proscriptions. G. 464. 



( 



AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 33 

d. The dictatorship of Sulla and the Sullan constitution; 

results. G. 465-467. 

e. Reading. Fowler, "Rome", ch. VI. 

4. Leadership of Pompey, 79-60 B. C. 

a. Events in Italy and Spain following the death of Sulla, 

79-72 B. C: revolt of Lepidus; the Sertorian War 
(Pompey). G. 468. 

b. War of the Gladiators, 73-71 B. C.: Spartacus. G. 467. 

c. Consulship of Pompey and Crassus, 70 B. C. : overthrow 

of the aristocratic government. G. 468. 

d. Pompey conquers the pirates (Gabinian Law), 67 B. C. 

G. 467, 469, 472. 

e. Third Mithridatic War (Manilian Law), 74-63 B. C.: 

overthrow of Mithridates ; reorganization of the East. 
G. 469, 472. 

/. The conspiracy of Catiline (consulship of Cicero), 

63 B. C. G. 471. 
g. Cato the Younger, Cicero, Caesar. Plate XXX, p. 550. 

G. 470. 

5. Pompey and Caesar, 60-52 B. C. 

a. The First Triumvirate, 60 B. C. G. 473. 

b. The consulship of 59 B. C; Clodius; removal of Cicero 

and Cato. G. 473. 

c. The conference of Luca, 56 B. C. G. 473-474. 

d. Caesar's conquest of Gaul and its significance, 58-51 B.C. 

G. 475- 

e. Death of Crassus at Carrhae (53 B. C); Pompey "sole 

consul" (52 B. C); dissolution of the Triumvirate. 
G- 473-474- 

6. The Struggle between Caesar and the Republicans 
Results in the Supremacy of Caesar, 52-44 B. C. 

a. Steps leading toward monarchy ; the monarchy of Caesar 
a benefit. 



34 



AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 



b. Shall Caesar resign his province? G. 476. 

c. The Civil War, 49-45 B. C: campaigns in Italy, Spain, 

Greece (Dyrrachium, Pharsalus); Zela, Thapsus, 
Munda. G. 476-477. 

d. The reforms of Caesar. G. 478. 

e. Character of Caesar; his assassination; place in history. 

G. 480. 

/. Literature of the first century: ("Ciceronian Age"): 
Caesar, Sallust, Nepos, Cicero; Lucretius and Catullus 
(poetry). G. 479. 

g. Geography: important places since 133 B. C, outline 

map 71. G. map p. 424. 

h. Reading. Fowler, "Rome", ch. VII. 

7. From the Death or Caesar to the Battle of Actium, 
44-31 B. C. 

a. Survey of the empire. G. 481. 

b. Rise of Antony and Octavius: attitude of Cicero ("Phil- 

ippics"); "war of Mutina." G. 482. 

c. The Second Triumvirate, 43 B. C: murder of Cicero. 

G. 482. 

d. The liberators overthrown in the battle of Philippi, 

42 B. C. G. 482. 

e. Civil war between Octavius and Antony: the West vic- 

torious over the East at Actium (31 B. C); results. 
G. 482. 

VII. THE ROMAN WORLD : AUGUSTUS TO THEODOSIUS, 
27 B. C— 395 A. D. 

1. The Julian Caesars, 27 B. C. — 68 A. D. 

a. Augustus, 27 B. C. — 14 A. D. 

(1) Character of the new government: difficult posi- 
tion of Augustus; survivals of the republican 
constitution; senate; the princeps; imperial 



AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 



35 



titles and powers; the succession. G. 483-484, 
499. 

(2) The administration of the provinces: the senatorial 

and the imperial; the Augustales; taxation. 
G. 484-486, map p. 434. 

(3) The army and the frontiers (Teutoberg Forest). 

G. 486-487, 497, map p. 434. 

(a) Geography: the frontiers, outline map 71. 

(4) Finances. G. 486. 

(5) The administration of Rome and Italy. G. 488. 

(6) Religion and morals: attempt to revive Roman 

ideals; the worship of the emperor; birth of 
Christ. G. 489-490, 494-495. 

(7) Culture ("Augustan Age"). 

(a) Literature (Maecenas): history, — Livy; 

poetry, — Vergil, Horace, Ovid. G. 491, 495. 

(b) Art and public buildings (Agrippa); Monu- 

mentum Ancyranum. G. 492-493, Plate 
XXXI, p. 550. 

(8) Character and achievements of Augustus. G. 498, 

500. 

(9) Reading. Fowler, "Rome", ch. VIII. 

b. Tiberius, 14-37 A. D.: an estimate of his character; 

Germanicus, Sejanus; despotic measures; wise 
treatment of the provinces; the crucifixion of 
Christ. G. 501-502. 

c. Caligula, 37-41 A. D.: insane tyranny. G. 503. 

d. Claudius and Nero (the Claudian Caesars). 

(1) Claudius, 41-54 A. D.: manner of accession; char- 

acter; civitas extended; public works; conquest 
of southern Britain. G. 504. 

(2) Nero, 54-68 A. D.: a cruel despot; wise treatment 

of the provinces; the great fire in Rome and the 
Christian persecution; St. Paul beheaded; Nero's 
death decreed by the senate; extinction of the 
Julian and of the Claudian family. G. 505-507, 

528. 



36 



AN OUTLINE OE GREEK -AND ROMAN HISTORY 



e. The disputed succession, 6S-69 A. D.: Galba, Otho, 
Vitellius ; the legions arrogate the right of select- 
ing the emperor. G. 508. 

2. The Flavian Cesars, 69-96 A. D. 

a. Political changes: reorganization of the senate; the 

succession. G. 512. 

b. Vespasian, 69-79 A. D.: character; rebellion in Judaea 

(destruction of Jerusalem, 70 A. D.); the Colisseum. 
' G. 509, 513. 519. Plate XXXII, p. 551. 

c. Titus, 79-81 A. D.: destruction of Pompeii and Hercu- 

laneum (Pliny the Elder). G. 510, Plate XXXIII, 
P- 552. 

d. Domitian, 81-96 A. D.: character; campaign of Agric- 

ola in Britain; wall between the Rhine and the 
Danube. G. 511, 513. 

3. Society at the End of the First Century. 

a. Social classes. G. 514-515. 

b. Occupations. G. 516. 

c. Houses. G. 517. 

d. Luxury. G. 518. 

e. Amusements: the Colisseum; the circus; the bath. 

G. 519-520. 
/. Art and architecture. G. 521. 

g. " Silver Age of Literature.' 1 

(1) Philosophy, and science: Seneca, Pliny the Elder. 

G. 522. 

(2) Poetry: Martial, Juvenal. G. 522, 541. 

(3) Rhetoric: Quintilian. G. 522. 

(4) History: Tacitus; Suetonius. G. 541. 

(5) Letters: Pliny the Younger. G. 543. 

(6) Greek writers : Plutarch. G. 542. 

h. Pagan morals and standards: the Stoics; paganism. 

G. 523-526. 



AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 



37 



i. Rise of Christianity: the crucifixion; Paul; the first 
churches; reasons for persecutions. G. 527-528, 545. 
j. Life in the towns. Fowler, "Rome", ch. IX. 

4. "The Five Good Emperors," 96-180 A. D. G. 529, 536. 

a. Nerva, 96-98 A. D.: G. 530. 

b. Trajan, 98-117 A. D.: the first provincial emperor; char- 

acter; greatest extent of the empire; public works. 
G. 531, 538, 540. Plates XXXIV, XXXV, p. 552. 
(1) Geography: Roman empire under Trajan, outline 

map 73. 

c. Hadrian, 117-138 A. D.: civil service; his travels and 

their object; the frontiers ("wall of Hadrian"); the 
imperial council; "Perpetual Edict"; public works. 
G. 532, 537, 539-540. Plate XXXVI, p. 552, Plate 
XXXVII, p. 553. 

d. The Antonines, 138-193 A. D. 

(1) Antoninus Pius, 138-161 A.D. : humane legislation; 

jurisprudence ("Institutes of Gaius"). G. 533. 

(2) Marcus Aurelius, 161-180 A. D.: character (phil- 

osophy); Parthian War; Marcomannic Wars; 
the plague; persecution of the Christians. G. 534, 
538, 544-545- 

(3) Commodus, 180-193 A. D.: unworthy son of 

Marcus. G. 535. 

(4) Reading: the Roman world under the Antonines. 

Fowler, "Rome", Ch. X. 

5. The Soldier Emperors, 193-284 A. D. 

a. Three Typical Emperors. 

(1) Septimius Severus, 193-211 A. D.: centralization 

of power. G. 546. 

(2) Caracalla, 21 1-2 17 A. D.: franchise extended; 

public baths. G. 547. 

(a) Alexander Severus. G. 548. 

(3) The jurists: Papinian, Ulpian; development of 



AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 

law code; supervision of municipal government. 
G. 549-55°- 

(4) The army and the barbarian invaders. G. 551-552. 

(5) Aurelian, 270-275 A. D.: Dacia lost; new wall; 

Zenobia of Palmyra. Plate XXXVII, p. 553. 
^ G. 553. 
b. Religious changes. 

(1) "New Platonism"; Mithraism. G. 554. 

(2) Growth of Christian organization and art. G. 555. 

Plate XXXVIII, p. 5 53- 

Absolute Monarchy, 284-395 A. D. 

a. Diocletian, 284-305 A. D.: Oriental absolutism; Au- 

gusti and Caesars; territorial reorganization; prefec- 
tures and dioceses; last Christian persecution; ruin 
of the middle class. G. 556-561, map p. 493. 

b. Strife over the succession. G. 562. , 

c. Constantine, sole emperor, 324-337 A. D.: character; 

Edict of Milan (313 A. D.) and recognition of Chris- 
tianity; Council of Nicsea (325 A. D.); Constantinople. 
G. 563-565- Plate XXXIX, p. 553. 

d. From Constantine to the division of the empire, 337— 

395 A. D. 

(1) Julian the apostate. G. 566-567. 

(2) Victory of Christianity over paganism; edict of 

Theodosius; penance of Theodosius. G. 567-568. 

(3) Theodosius and the division into an eastern and 

western empire (395 A- D.). G. 570. 

(4) Defeat and death of Valens at Adrianople (378 

A.D.) G.570. 

VIII. PERIOD OF TRANSITION, 395—800 A. D. 

Germanic Invasions. 

a. Character of these centuries. G. 569, map p. 505. 

b. Invasion of the Visigoths, 376-410 A. D.: settled in 



AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 39 

Dacia; Adrianople (378 A. D.) ; Stilicho; Alaric be- 
sieges and sacks Rome (410 A. D.). G. 570. 

c. Invasion of the Huns, 378-453 A. D. : Chalons (Aetius) ; 

Attila before Rome ; end of Hunnish empire. G. 570. 

d. Invasion of the Vandals, 409-455 A. D.: in Spain, Afri- 

ca; Gaiseric sacks Rome (455 A. D.); Vandalism. 

G. 57o-57i- 

e. Germanic conquest of Britain. G. 570. 

/. Dissolution of the Empire in the West, 476 A. D. 

(1) Weak emperors rule at Ravenna. G. 571. 

(2) Odovacar deposes Romulus Augustulus (Signifi- 

cance). G. 571. 

(3) Some reasons for the decline of Rome. 

2. The Romano-Germanic Kingdoms. 

a. The Visigothic. (The West Goths.) G. 570. 

b. The Ostrogothic. (The East Goths). Theodoric "the 

Civiiizer", 493-526 A. D.: temporary union of Italy; 
the Germans adopt Roman civilization. G. 572-573. 

c. Justinian I, Emperor in the East, 527-565 A.D. 

(1) Foreign policy: Belisarius and Narses; conquests 

over the Vandals, Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Avars, 
Persians. G. 574, map p. 508. 

(2) Internal policy: final codification of the law; 

public works (St. Sophia). G. 575-576. Plate 
XL, p. 554. 

(3) Europe in the time of Justinian, outline map 75. 

d. The danger from the Persians: Heraclius, 610-641 A. D. 

G. 577- 

e. The Lombard invasion of Italy, 568 A. D.: capital at 

Pavia; exarchate of Ravenna. G. 587. 
/. Mohammedanism: Mohammed and the Hegira (622 
A. D.) ; religious teaching; extent of conquests; attack 
upon Europe (Tours, 732 A. D.); later history. 
G. 578-579, 582. 



40 



AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 



g. The Franks and the Church. 

(1) The Merovingians: Clovis takes possession of 

northern Gaul (481 A. D.); conversion of Clovis 
and the Franks to Catholic Christianity (496 
A. D.); "mayors of the palace"; Charles Mar- 
tel at Tours (732 A. D.). G. 580-582, 586. 

(2) The growth of the church: leaders (Chrysostom, 

Jerome, Augustine, Boniface); Arian heresy; 
temporal power; conversion of the barbarians; 
spiritual authority of Rome. G. 583-586. 

(3) The Carolingian kings, Pippin, Charlemagne. 

(a) Pippin, king of the Franks, 751 A. D.: de- 

position of the last Merovingian; "dona- 
tion of Pippin." G. 586-587. 

(b) Charlemagne, 768-814 A. D.: character; 

conquests, especially of the Saxons and 
Lombards; extent of empire; relations to 
the papacy; Roman emperor, 800 A. D. 
(significance). G. 588-592, map p. 517. 

(c) Geography, Europe in the time of Charle- 

magne, outline map 89. 

h. Roman contributions to modern civilization. 



DIRECTIONS FOR MAP WORK 



IN ; 

"THE IVANHOE HISTORICAL NOTE BOOK" 

Copy directions exactly on blank page opposite hiap indicated. 
The words u red" and ''black 1 ' refer to the use of red and black 
ink! Rivers, including those not called for, but necessary to iden- 
tify a location, also lakes, islands, mountains, which do not appear 
on the map should be drawn in in black? 

MAP 3. ORIENTAL HISTORY 

Based chiefly on Sanborn, maps II, III, VI, VII, XXIV, 



XXVII. 






Indicate the follow 


ing: 




Water Systems (Red) Cities, etc. (Red) 


Districts (Black) 


Nile R. 


Babylon 


Lower Egypt 


Red Sea 


Nineveh 


Ethiopia 


Persian Gulf G., p. 3 


Ur G., p. 3 


Syria 


Mediterranean Sea 


Sidon 


Assyria 


Tigris R. 


Tyre 


Chaldea 


Euphrates R. 


Jerusalem 


Mesopotamia 


Halys R. 


Damascus 


Mt. Sinai 




Nippur G., p. 3 


Kingdom of Israel 


Cities, etc. (Red) 


Agade G., p. 60 


C, p. 3 


Memphis 


Ecbatana 


Kingdom of Judah 


Thebes 


Susa 


Lydia G., p. 3 


Karnak 


Persepolis 


Phoenicia 


Sais 




Philistines G., p. 3 


Fayum G., p. 3 


Districts (Black) 


Hittites G., p. 3 


Pyramids of Gizeh 


Upper Egypt - 





Be prepared to indicate the extent (1) of the Early. Babylonian 
empire; (2) of Egypt under the eighteenth dynasty; (3) of Assyria 
under Sargon; (4) of the Persian empire under Darius I. Note the 
chief divisions. G., p. 60. . . 



I 



42 



AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 



MAP 9. EARLY GREECE 

Based on Sanborn, maps VIII, XIII. 

Cities in red, everything else in black. 

yEgean Sea Ilium (Troy) Lesbos 

Tiryns Corinth Chios 

Mycenae Sicyon Samos 
Orchomenus (Draw Lake Copais) Sparta (Draw Eurotas R.) ^Eolia 

and Cephisus R.) 

Argos Megara Ionia 

Athens Delphi Caria 

Cnossus Thebes Doris 
Crete 

MAP 11. GREEK COLONIES AND PARENT CITIES 



Based on Sanborn, maps VIII, XIII, XXVII, XXIII, XXXIII 

Parent City Colony Parent City Colony 

(Black) (Red) (Black) (Red) 

Achaia Sybaris Dorians . . . Acragas 

Croton Cyrene 
Locris Ozolis . . Locri Miletus .... Naucratis, region of 

Chalcis Chalcidice Hellespont, Propontis, 

Cumae Bosporus, Black (Eux- 

ine) Sea 

Sparta Tarentum Megara .... Byzantium 

Corinth Syracuse Phoceea .... Massilia 

Cyprus 

Magna Grsecia 

Extend coast for Massilia and draw Rhone R. 



Be prepared to indicate the Phoenician areas of colonization as 
given in G., p. 89. 



AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 



13 



MAP 17. THE STATES AND BOUNDARIES OF GREECE 



Based on Sanborn, Maps VIII, XIII. Map XIII is best for 
most of the work. 



Water Systems (Black) 


Mountains (Black) 


Districts (Red) 


Corinthian, Saronic 


Cithaeron 


Corinthus 


Argolic gulfs 


Mt. Parnes 


Megaris 


Peneus R. (Thessaly) 


Mt. Hymettus 


Attica 


Achelous 


Parnon 


Eubcea 


Eurotas 


Taygetus 


Bceotia 


Alpheus 




Phocis 


Cephisus (Bceotia) 


Districts (Red) 


Locris 


Lake Copais 


Laconia 


Malis 




Messene 


Doris 


Mountains (Black) 


Elis 


Locris Ozolis 


Cambunian 


Arcadia 


^Etolia 


Pindus 


Cynuria 


Acarnania 


Mt. Olympus 


Argolis 


Ambracia 


Othrys 


Achaia 


Epirus 


Mt. Parnassus 


Sicyon 


Thessalia 



Mt. Helicon 

Label districts and draw boundaries in a broken red line. 



MAP 19. IONIC REVOLT AND PERSIAN INVASIONS 



Based on Sanborn, maps VIII, XIII and Rothert, map 5. 



Events of 
Ionic Revolt 
499-494 B.C. 
(Red) 

Expedition of 
Mardonius, 
492 B. C. 
(Red) 



Sardis (draw Hermus R.) 
Ephesus (draw Cayster R.) 
Lade I. (Draw) 
Miletus (draw Maeander R.) 



Indicate route of fleet and 
line. 

Mt. Athos 



army by a broken red 



44 



AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 



Expedition of 
Datis and . . 
Artaphernes 
490 B. C. 

{Red} - 

Expedition of 
Xerxes, 480 
B. C. 

{Red) 



Indicate route of fleet by a dotted red line 

Eretria 

Marathon 

[Paros] 

[Naxos] 

Indicate route of fleet and army by a continuous 
red line 

Tempe (draw Peneus R.) 
Thermopylae, Artemisium 
Delphi 

Athens, Salamis 



Campaign of f 
470 B. C. 

(Red) l M y Cale 

MAP 23. ATHENS IN THE AGE OF PERICLES 

Based on Sanborn, maps XIII a, XIV, Goodspeed, map, p. 147. 

All places in red. 

Long Walls Areopagus 
Piraeus Theseum (Draw) 

Phalerum Acropolis 
Pnyx Parthenon 
Lyceum Theatre of Dionysus 

Olympeum 

Be prepared to draw a map of the Acropolis showing the Pro- 
pylaea, Temple of Wingless Victory, Athena the Defender, Par- 
thenon, Erechtheum, Odeum, Theatre of Dionysus. G., p. 147. 



AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN III STORY 



45 



MAP 31. MISCELLANEOUS LIST 



Based on Sanborn, maps VIII, XIII, XV, VI. 



All places in red. 
Sigeum 

Thracian Chersonese 

Tegea 

iEgina 

Eleusis 

Dodona 

Olympia 

Nemea 

Delos (Draw) 



Mt. Pentelicus 

Naxos 

Thasos 

Eurymedon R. (Extend 
coast and draw river) 
Mt. Ithome (462 B. C.) 
Naupactus 
Thurii 

Tanagra (457 B. C.) 
(Enophyta (457 B. C.) 



MAP 27. EVENTS (1) OF THIRTY YEARS WAR AND 
(2) OF SICILIAN HISTORY, 413-337 B. C. 



Based on Sanborn, maps- VIII, XIII, XXIII. 
All in red. 



I. Thirty Years War. 
f Athens 
Epidamnus 
Potidaea 

Plataea (427 B. C.) 
431- Lesbos, Mytilene (427 B. C.) 
421 1 Corcyra (427 B. C.) 
B. C. j Pylos, Sphacteria (425 B. C.) 
1 Delium (424 B. C.) 
1 Amphipolis (422- C.-) : 413- 
(Draw Strymon R.) 404 
Mantinea<4iS B. C.) - B. C. 
Melos (Draw) 

I } ' - - 



415- [Syracuse 
413 I Segesta 
B. C. Decelea 



Chios (412 B. C.) 
Samos (411 B. C.) 
Cyzicus (410 B. C.) 
Notium (407 B. C.) 
Arginusae I. (406 B. C.) 
^Egospotami (405- IB. C.) 
(Draw) 



46 AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 

II. Sicily. Sanborn, Map XXIII. 
Syracuse 

Himera (480 B.C.) j>Gelon and Hieron 
Cumae (474 B. C.) 

Dionysius I, 405-367 B. C. Encircle in red the extent of his 
kingdom. In Italy it extended to Croton. 

Crimisus R. 1 Timoleon, 
(Draw) J 345-337 B - C. 

MAP 33. EVENTS 404-338 B. C. 

Based on Sanborn VIII, XIII. 
All in red. 

Phyle 1 " The Thirty," 
Piraeus {404-403 B. C. 

Cunaxa (map 37) i 
Cnidus (394 B. C.) 
Haliartus (395 B. C.) 

Clazomeme Cyprus (map 37)| Tr of Antalcidas> g c . 
Lemnos, Imbros, bcyros J 

Leuctra (371 B. C.) 
Megalopolis, Messene 
Mantinea (362 B. C.) 
Pherae 



Delphi 

Mt. Pangaeus 

Pella 

Olynthus 

Chaeronea (338 B. C.) 



Philip II of Macedon 



Be prepared to indicate the growth of Philip's kingdom as 
shown in Rothert, map 10. 



AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 



47 



MAP 37. EVENTS 338-146 B. C. 



Based on Sanborn, maps III, VI, VII, XIII, and Goodspeed, 
map, p. 234. 

Places in red. Boundaries not required. 

From map 33 : 
Cunaxa (401 B. C); Cyprus (387 B. C.) 



Indicate the marches of Alexander by a continuous black line, 
the voyage of Nearchus by a broken black line. 
Ipsus (301 B. C.) 
Antiochia, Seleucia 
Lamia (322 B. C.) 
Corinth (146 B. C.) 

MAP 39. DIVISION OF THE EMPIRE OF ALEXANDER 
THE GREAT 

Based on Goodspeed, map, p. 234, and Rothert, map 12. 

Be prepared to show (1) the monarchies that arose out of the 
empire of Alexander directly after the battle of Ipsus; (2) the 
other important countries of that period. 



Alexander 

the 

Great 

336-323 
B. C. 



f Pella 

I Granicus R. (334 B. C.) 

! G or drum 

I Issus (333 B. C.) 

{ Tyre (332 B. C.) 

Alexandria in Egypt (3 3 2 B.C.) 

Ammonium 



Indus R. 
Hydaspes R. 
Gedrosia 
Babylon, Susa 
Ecbatana, Persepolis 
Tigris R. 
Euphrates R. 



Arbela (331 B. C.) 
Bactria 



\ 



4S 



AX OUTLINE OF 3 GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 



MAP 45. EARLY LATIUM 



1. Based on Sanborn,, .map 17. 
Water systems and towns in red, tribes and districts in black. 



Tribes and Districts. (Determine by rivers.) 
Etruria (Etruscans) 
Sabini 
.Equi 
Latini 
Hernici 
- Volsci 

MAP 53. THE SAMNITE AND GREEK WARS 

Based on Sanborn, maps XVIII, XXIII. 
Towns and colonies in red, districts in black. 
Rome, Capua (343-341 B. C.) 



Water Systems 

Mare Superum (Adriatic Sea) 
Mare Inferum (Tuscan Sea) 



Towns, etc. 
Rome 

Sacred Mount 

(Mons Sacer, 494 B.C.) 

Alba Longa 

Ostia 



Tiber R. 
Anio R. 

Allia R. (39o'B. C.) (Draw) 



Veii (396 B. C.) 



Antium 



Samnite War, 
326-304 
B. C. 



Second 



Xeapolis 
Caudium or 



Caudine 'Forks "(32 1 B. C.) 
Fregellae,' 2 

Bovianum (Bovianum vetus) 



Third 

Samnite War, 
298-290 
B. C. 



Sentinum (295 B. C.) 



AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 



49 



War/with 
Tarentum 
and Pyrrhus, 
281-272 
E. C. 



Organization 
of 

Italy 



Lacinium Pr. 

Tarentum 

Heraclea 

Asculum (Apulia) 
Beneventum 2 

Ostia, 1 Antium 
Tibur, Praeneste 
Caere 

Minturnae 1 
Ariminum 2 
Brundisium 2 
Venusia 2 



— Roman colony. 
2 — Latin colony. 

Etruria 
Umbria 
Picenum 
Districts j Samnium 
Apulia 
Lucania 
Bruttia 

MAP 57. ITALY IN 264 B. C. 

Be prepared to indicate: (a) the ager R01 nanus; (b) the Roman 
colonies; (c) the Latin colonies; (d) the Roman roads. See San- 
born, maps XVIII, XXIII. 

MAP 59. THE PUNIC WARS 

Provinces in black, everything else in red. Boundaries not re- 
quired. 

Provinces . 
~ , , bardima 
Goodspeed \ _ 

Corsica 

map, p. 47 Qsaipjjjg Q au i ( no j- y e t a province) 



50 



AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 



First 



Messana 
Syracuse 



anoorn, 

xap 29 



Numantia (133 B. 



Punic War, Agrigentum 



264-241 
B. C. 

Sanborn, 
map 23 



Mylae (260 B. C.) 
\ Ecnomus (256 B. C.) 

Panormus 

Lilybseum 

Drepanum 
[ Agates I. (241 B. C.) (Draw.) 



Second Punic War, 218-201 B. C. 



Sanborn, 
map 31 



Sanborn, 
map 18 



New Carthage (Carthago Nova) 
Saguntum, Iberus R. 
Pyrenees Mts. (Pyrenaei) 
I hone (Rhodanus) R. 
Massilia 

Po (Padus) R. 

Ticinus, Trebia R. (218 B. C.) (Draw.) 
L. Trasimenus (217 B. C.) (Draw.) 
Rome 



I Cannae, Aufidus R. (216 B. C.) (Draw.) 
Capua 
Tarentum 

G. 343 



Draw Hannibal's march in a broken red line. 



Sanborn, 
map 1 



8 



Metaurus R. (207 B. CO 



I Carthage 
Zama (202 B. C.) 
Numidia (not yet a province) 

Sanborn, J Provinces: Spain 
map 31 [Hither and Farther 



AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 



51 



MAP 63. ROME IN THE EAST 



Provinces in black, the rest in red. 

The East in 201 B. C. 
See map 39. 



Goodspeed, 
P. 476 



Provinces. 
Illyricum 
Africa 
Macedonia 
Achaia 



Sanborn, 
maps 8, 13 



Cynoscephalae (2nd Maced. War, 200-196 B. C.) 

Thermopylae I w ^ Antioch ig2 -i88 B.C. 
Magnesia [ y 
Pydna (3d Maced. War, 171-168 B. C.) 
Corinth (146 B. C.) 

MAP 71. EVENTS 133 B. C— 14 A. D. 

Provinces in black, the rest in red. Boundaries not required. 
Sanborn, map 31 . . Arausio 

" " " . .Aquae Sextiae (102 B. C.) 

" " . .Vercellae (101 B. C.) 
" " 18. .Corfinium (90-88 B. C.) 
" " 24. .Jerusalem (63 B. C.) 
" 31. .Luca (56 B. C.) 



Sanborn, map 32 



Alesia 
Helvetii 
Nervii 
Veneti 



Caesar's conquest of Gaul 



Sanborn, map 31, Gallia Narbonensis (120 B. C.) 
Goodspeed, p. 476 Gallia Cisalpina (81 B. C.) 

Sanborn, p. 476 



Provinces added. 



Bithynia and Pontus 
Syria 

Cilicia and Cyprus 
Crete and Cyrenaica 



Formed after 
3d Mith. War, 
74-65 B. C. 



52 



AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 



Sanborn, map 6 . . Carrhae 

" 18. .Rubicon R. 
" 8 . . Dyrrachium 
" "..Pharsalus 
" 3i..Thapsus 
" "..Munda 



Civil War, 
49-45 B. C. 



Sanborn, map 7 . . Zela 

" 18 . .Mutina 

" 8. .Philippi (42 B. C.) 

" 8..Actium (31 B. C.) 

Sanborn, map 32. .Teutoberg Forest (Saltus Teutoburgiensis, 9 
A. D.) 



Goodspeed, 
P- 434 



iEgyptus 

Mcesia 

Rhaetia 

Noricum 

Pannonia 



Provinces 

added 

by 

Augustus 



Be prepared to indicate (1) the senatorial provinces in 14 A. D.; 
(2) the allied states in 14 A. D. See Goodspeed, p. 434. 

MAP 73. EVENTS 14-180 A. D. 



Provinces in black; boundaries not required. 

'Britannia, Thrace ]_ . ,, , , ~, ,. 

~ , . T . ' . f Provinces added by Claudius 
Goodspeed, I Lycia, Mauretama J 

p. 476 I Dacia, Armenia U . , , _ . 

,, . f Provinces added bv Trajan 

l Mesopotamia, Assyria J 



Goodspeed, 
p. 476 



(1) Name the provinces of which the empire con- 
sisted under Trajan. 

(2) Indicate by a broken red line the outer boun- 
daries of the empire under Trajan. 



AN OUTLINE OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY 



53 



MAP 75. THE ROMAN EMPIRE DIVIDED INTO PRE- 
FECTURES AND DIOCESES 

Represent in red the prefectures, and in black the dioceses. 
Boundaries not required. See Goodspeed, p. 493. 

MAP 77. EUROPE IN THE TIME OF JUSTINIAN, ABOUT 

565 A. D. 

Based on Goodspeed, p. 505. 

Districts, kingdoms, etc., in red. Inner boundaries not re- 
quired; outer boundaries in black. Represent the final settle- 
ments. 



Angles, Saxons, Jutes 
W. Gothic (Visigothic) k. 
Suevian k. 
Frankish k. 
Burgundian k. 



E. Gothic (Ostrogothic) k. 
Vandal k. 
Lombard k. 

Roman Empire of the East 



MAP 89. EUROPE IN THE TIME OF CHARLEMAGNE- 
MISCELLANEOUS PLACES 



Goodspeed, ("Palmyra (Sanborn, map 3) Adrianople (378 A. D.) 

p. 517 I Constantinople Chalons (451 A. D.) 

Black I Milan (313 A. D.) Ravenna 

^Nicaea (325 A. D.) Tours (732 A. D.) 

(a) Locate in red the Roman Empire of the West 
(Carolingian Empire), identifying Francia, Italy,. 
Neustria, Austrasia, Aquitania, Spanish Mark. 
Draw in black the limits of the empire. 

(b) Locate in black the Saracen Empire, identify- 
ing Emirate of Cordova, Caliphate of Bagdad. 
Draw in black the limits of the empire. 

(c) Locate the Roman Empire of the East in black 
j and red, identifying Sicily, Sardinia, Athens, Con- 
[ stantinople, Nicomedia. 



Goodspeed, 
P- 5i7 



1 . 



